What Was accomplished with the French Revolution?
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Western Civilization
What was accomplished with the French Revolution?
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The French Revolution was one of the major revolutions in European history. The
revolution marks a turning point in French history and in world history in general. Forms
of government, morals, ideologies, and social development were greatly affected by it in
all Europe and even in US
The beginning of the French Revolution in generally dated from June, 178. But
the crisis in political and economic affairs in France in that period was so great that
social unrest, rioting, a and rebellion were common for two years before. The end of the
revolutionary Period was marked by the establishment of the Empire by Napoleon in
1804.
The basic causes of the French Revolution were rooted in the rigidities of French
society in the 18th century. Lines of distinction between classes were tightly drawn, and
opportunities for social advancement were very few. The economy was not growing as
fast as it should have been. Then needs of an increasing population were not being met.
Government was inefficient and unrepresentative. Economic problems rose, while the
peasants and middle classes were subjected to greater and greater burdens. Crops failed,
and trade was stagnant. The people could no longer be taxed, but the government faced
bankruptcy unless new revenues were found. The only solution was to tax the privileged
classes. But they were jealous of their privileged position. Although they were not
completely unwilling to contribute some additional taxes, they never understood how
grave the economies crisis was. They saw the crises as only some form of financial
corruption that could be solved by firing the kings finace ministers. The liberal ideas of
the French Enlightenment had been absorbed by some of the clergy and the nobility but
only by a very few. The upper classes in France in 178 were more jealous of their
privileges then they had been at any time in the 100 years before.
When the French aided the Americans during the American Revolution, they only
sent men and ships and guns but lent substantial financial aid as well. As a result, the
budget of the French government was thrown out of balance. When economic depression
in France made the every growing debt even greater, the state seemed on the verge of
bankruptcy. It was necessary to vote new taxes.
The kings power was not as absolute as he pretended it was, and no new taxes
could be decreed unless the kings edicts were registered in the district courts, the
parliaments. Their members were mostly members of the privileged classes and were
always ready to oppose the kings measures. Because of their continual refusal to register
tax and reform edicts, it was necessary for the king, Louis XVI, to find some other way of
legalizing his edicts.
France had never had a parliament exactly like the British, but it had a similar
institution called the States- General. Unlike the British institution it met very frequently.
The last one had met in 1616. The States- General was called, and it convened in May,
178.
The States-General was composed of three houses, or estates, called the first,
second, and third estates. The first represented the clergy; the second, the nobility; and
the third, the middle classes. The third estate contained as many members as the first and
second combined.
When the estates met, the third estate wished to vote with the first two houses.
The clergy and nobility and the king insisted the houses vote separately. But the third
decided that it was more representative of the French people than the other two estates
and that it was not fair to allow the first two estates so much power. On June 17, 178,
they converted themselves into a National Assembly, or Constituent Assembly, and
resolved to draw up a new constitution for France. The king closed down the hall, but the
members went to a nearby tennis court and there took an oath (June 0) not to disband
until a constitution was written. The pressure of public opinion was so much in their
favor that Louis XVI was forced to recognize them, as he did by the end of the month.
Bad crops and famine conditions contributed to the unrest. During July there were
spontaneous peasant uprisings all over France. On July 14 a Paris mob stormed and
demolished the Bastille, an old fortress housing political prisoners. On August 4, the
assembly, led by certain enlightened nobles, abolished feudal rights and privileges with
compensation to owners. A few years later the compensation was also abolished. On
August 7 a Declaration of the Rights of Man, similar to the American Bill of Rights,
was issued. The new constitution was completed by July, 170, and the king accepted it.
But Louis XVI's behavior was never consistent. In July, 171, he tried to flee the country
in order to re-conquer it with the aid of Austrian and Prussian armies. He was caught,
however, and popular feeling ran against him. He now accepted a revised constitution, in
September, 171, and the assembly dissolved. A legislative assemble was elected, and it
met from October, 171, to September, 17.
The legislative assembly was dominated by the Girondists, who wished to set up a
federal republic. When the war broke out with Austria in April, 17, there was no longer
any reason for tolerating Louis XVI. He had plotted with his wifes family, which ruled
Austria, and was now an enemy of the state.
The National Convention, which reigned from September, 171, to October,
175, was the government of the Reign of Terror. It was the one that executed the king in
January, 17. The convention was ruled by two committees under the domination of
Roberspirre from 17 to 174. Robespierre saw to the execution of his enemies and was
rampant, war was at the doorstep, and bread riots were common. The tide turned in
another direction, and a stronger executive power in the form of the Directory was set up.
A five-man committee ruled the country. Meanwhile, Napoleon was making his name
famous by his military success. Napoleon allied with two directors in the Directory and
with his brother Lucien, who was president of the Council of Five Hundred, and assembly
under the Directory. On Nov. , 17, in the Coup d'Etat de Brumaire he over-threw the
government. A form of government modeled on the old Roman type was set up.Napoleon
was elected first consul for ten years. By 1804 Napoleon assumed the title of emperor,
and absolute monarchy was revived. I believe that this time in French History was most
important to the people of France because of the different types of government they had.
Socialism, liberalism and nationalism all were results of the French Revolution. It gave
people the idea that if they tried, they could reorganize a society whenever it was needed.
The greatest accomplishment of the French Revolution, however, was that people could
change anything that they wanted with political ideas, words and laws.
"French Revolution" Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia(CD ROM)
Woodberry Forest School web page
http//www.woodberry.org/acad/hist/FRWEB/index.htm
Taines, Hippolyte A., The French Revolution., vol. 1. Gloucester, Mass Peter
Smith, 16.
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