Causes of World War 1

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Causes of W.W.I

There are many reasons for the first world war or the ‘Great War’ to begin. Yet

these multitude of reasons can be broken down to a simplified number of three major

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reasons for the war. We will look at the first and foremost reason for the war Nationalism,

and the major extension of it in the Balkans, as well in all of Europe, The treaties that

bound countries to war if their allies were attacked also was a major role in the beginning

of W.W.I, And finally the trigger to W.W.I was the assination of Arch Duke Franz

Fernidand, this action was the match to the powder keg that was Europe setting the war

into motion.

Nationalism lead to the instability in the Balkans, which became the weak link in

the complex of relationships that had developed in Europe. Multi-national uprisings in the

Ottoman Empire and the Austrian empire were causing their disintegration. Greece

became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 18. In 1867, the Austrian government

granted local autonomy to the Hungarians, and the empire became known as

Austria-Hungary. This was an effort to contain the multi-national unrest by responding to

the demands of the most powerful national independence movement. But 60% of the

population still consisted of nationalities which clamored for independence. In 1878,

following upon the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War and the

subsequent agreements at the Congress of Berlin, Romania and Serbia became

independent, Bulgaria obtained local autonomy, and Bosnia was occupied, though not

annexed, by Austria-Hungary. In 1885, East Roumelia was included as a part of Bulgaria.

In 108, a nationalist rebellion by Turkish military officers (The Young Turks) overthrew

the government of the Sultan. This ended the many-centuries-long history of the Ottoman

Empire with the establishment of a Turkish national state based upon the preponderance

of Turkish people in Asia Minor. It also encouraged a separatist movement among the

different ethnic groups in the Ottoman portion of the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire lost

all of its holdings on the European continent with the exception of Thrace and the city of

Istanbul (Constantinople). These historic developments encouraged nationalist groups in

Austria-Hungary in the hope that they too might soon achieve their independence. The

Russians would not stand by and allow their Slavic compatriots to be overrun, and they

ordered mobilization of their army. This caused the Germans to put the Schlieffen Plan

into effect. The Russians failed to meet a 4-hour ultimatum from the Germans to cease

their mobilization, and the French gave a vague reply to a 48-hour ultimatum. The German

invasion of Belgium, on the way to France, assured that the English Parliament would vote

for war with Germany. National feeling among the peoples of England, France, Germany

and Russia assured that they would loyally support the decisions of their governments,

even if those decisions meant going to war. To do otherwise was to be considered a

traitor, and very few were courageous enough to go against the tide. This along with

other intricate political maneuvering set the stage for the first World War, because of the

unrest within these countries and the treaties that these countries signed W.W.I involved

all of Europe, instead of just the Balkans.

A number of alliances existed between the countries of Europe. Russia supported

Serbia and was drawn into the quarrel. Russia mobilised its army ready to help the Serbs

against Austria-Hungary. Everyone knew that if Russia did attack Austria-Hungary then

the alliance system meant that Germany and France could be pulled into the war as well.

The alliance system did not mean that a world war had to happen. Some say that it could

still have been avoided - especially if Britain could have made Germany hold back from

helping Austria-Hungary. Germany decided to go ahead and help Austria-Hungary. She

declared war on Russia (1 August) and on France ( August). The German army prepared

to attack France through Belgium just as General Schlieffen had planned. However, the

Germans knew that Britain had promised to defend Belgium under the Treaty of London

of 18. An ambassadors letter about Britains role, 0 July 114 Message from the

German government to its ambassador in London. The Germans wanted the British

government to ignore the Treaty of London, to let the German army pass through Belgium

and so keep Britain out of the war. Later that same day, 4 August 114, Germany

attacked France through Belgium. Within hours, Britain declared war on Germany, which

had now broken the Treaty of London. The Kaiser said how foolish he thought the British

were. He said that Britain had gone to war for the sake of a scrap of paper Within a few

more days Britain, France and Russia (the Allies) were all officially at war with Germany

and Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers). What had started as a small, local problem in

the Balkans was turning into the biggest and most brutal war the world had ever seen.

The event that linked all the nationalism and the treaties and alliances was the

assinanation of the Arch Duke Franz Ferndinand the Serbian nationalist Black Hand

society was implicated. The Austrians were determined to root out this organization

whose support was in Serbia. After a month of political maneuverings in which

Austria-Hungary obtained an unrestricted pledge of German support, and determined to

punish Serbia, the Austro-Hungarian government presented Serbia with a series of

demands linked to a 48 hour ultimatum. The demands involved allowing Austrian officials

to go into Serbia to conduct an investigation. The Serbs met most of the demands, but the

Austrian government was not satisfied, and declared war on Serbia one month after the

assassination. From here the war spread like wildfire.

The three major reasons of treaties, nationalism and the trigger that pulled it all

together the assinantion of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, are by no means the only reasons

they are just the most obvious. There were other more intricate reasons that I could not go

into while writing this essay. Hopefully the same elements that caused the first and

eventually the second world war never occur again and a world war will never be seen on

the face of this planet again.

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