IN WHAT WAYS WAS THE WORK OF THOMAS PAINE TO PROVIDE A CONTINUING CRITIQUE OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE 19th CENTURY?

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A feature of Christianity up until the 1th century in Britain was the close association the established church, the Church of England, had with the state. Orthodox Christianity was regarded as the very basis of the law and the constitution. Gradually however, during the course of the 1th century this constitution came under attack from a variety of sources. These were both of an institutional and intellectual context. The institutional criticism involved tensions from within the Church over its own theological identity, which could be traced as far back to the Reformation in the 16th century. The intellectual criticism, on the other hand, tended to come from outside the Church, and it is here we need to focus on.


One area that provided the intellectual criticism of orthodox Christianity, was that of Deism. Although Christianity had been criticised by the Deists since the 17th century, it was not until the 1th century that this criticism became more pronounced. It is here within the Deist tradition that the name of Thomas Paine emerges. Thomas Paine`s criticisms of orthodox Christianity becomes apparent from his works The Age of Reason published in 174 whereby, in typical Deist fashion, he ridicules the Christian doctrine of revelation. Paine believed that the Christian claims that God had revealed himself to the people, in the person of Jesus, to be false. Paine rejected this supernatural revelation, but at the same time did not dispense with God. Paine believed that all we need to know of God can be found in nature, that is God created the world in a rational and ordered manner, which reflected God`s own rational nature.


Paine in his attack on revealed religion is particularly scathing of the Bible which he considered not only incompatible with nature, but also containing a number of internal contradictions. This is apparent when he refers to it as " a book of riddles that requires a revelation to explain it".


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Paine`s criticisms of the Bible and Christianity in general was nothing new, what made Paine`s work, and in particular his Age of Reason so threatening to the Church was the way he presented it, in such clear, plain English. Previous work of this nature had been written by scholars for scholars, this meant there was no danger of it infiltrating the minds of the lower working classes. This however, was very different with Paine`s work, and there were genuine concerns of the political ramifications it may have, if read by vast amounts of people, bearing in mind the situation that had occurred in France with the revolution only a short time earlier.


Paine`s work was an influential part of the growing criticism that Christianity was suffering throughout the 1th century, and while significant, it did not have the feared political impact the Church and State were so concerned about, but remained part of a radical approach that was to influence others both politically and theologically.


Keane, John (16) Tom Paine A Political Life Bloomsbury, London.


Foot, Michael & Isaac Kramnick (187) The Thomas Paine Reader Penguin, London London.


Budd, Susan (177) Varieties of Unbelief Heineman, London


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